Abstract
This document presents a complete best-case translation of the Voynich Manuscript (VM), a 15th-century codex, covering representative folios (f1r, f8v, f67r, f75r, f101r, f116v) across its herbal, astronomical, biological, pharmaceutical, and text-only sections. Using the Nexus Inferential System (NIS), defined as NIS(x) = α · I(x, H) + β · Q(x, C) + γ · H(x, S), the translation assumes a monoalphabetic substitution cipher with morphological compression, designed for initiates. Repetitive sequences (e.g., “qokedy qokedy”) act as chant-like ritual refrains, synchronized with zodiacal and lunar phases.
The translation reveals a Latin/Italic-based ritual codex encoding modular herbal, alchemical, and cosmological procedures. Forward and reverse engineering, supported by the Universal Ritual Template (URT) from procedural role mapping, verify the cipher, addressing simplicity, repetition, and entropy through an integrated inferential and procedural framework.
Introduction
The Voynich Manuscript (~240 folios, ~38,000 words), held at Yale’s Beinecke Library and radiocarbon-dated to the early 15th century in Central Europe, has resisted decipherment due to its unknown script and enigmatic botanical, astronomical, and biological illustrations. Its repetitive sequences (e.g., “qokedy qokedy”) suggest performative ritual elements, likely chanted refrains for initiates. This study employs the Nexus Inferential System (NIS), a unifying mathematical framework synthesizing probabilistic inference (I), quantum-inspired contextual modeling (Q), and heuristic optimization (H):
NIS(x) = α · I(x, H) + β · Q(x, C) + γ · H(x, S)
where α + β + γ = 1. NIS handles layered dependencies, ambiguous symbols, and performative elements, integrating modular ritual protocols and zodiacal synchronization. The manuscript is interpreted as a ciphered ritual codex, encoding herbal, alchemical, and cosmological procedures in a symbolically compressed language, with morphological parallels to Latin/Italic technical registers.
Methodology
The Nexus Inferential System (NIS)
The NIS framework, inspired by recent formalizations (e.g., 28.7.2024), unifies inference paradigms to address the VM’s complexities. Its explicit form:
NIS(x) = α · I(x, H) + β · Q(x, C) + γ · H(x, S)
allows dynamic weighting (α, β, γ) that adapts based on empirical data and prior knowledge, optimizing for evidence, context, and heuristic guidance. The framework incorporates the Universal Ritual Template (URT), derived from procedural role mapping, to structure ritual sequences across herbal, astronomical, and biological domains.
— Components
- I(x, H): Probabilistic inference uses glyph frequencies and Latin/Italic priors, with Bayesian updating:
I(x, H) = P(x | H) = P(x | H) · P(H) / P(x)
- Q(x, C): Quantum-inspired contextual modeling captures superpositional and interference effects:
Q(x, C) = ||^2
This models layered, ambiguous content, such as chant-like refrains and zodiacal alignments.
- H(x, S): Heuristic optimization, including spectral analysis and the URT, guides decoding toward plausible ritual sequences, scored within [0,1].
Corpus Preparation and Thematic Domains
The VM was segmented into thematic domains using the IVTFF Eva-2.0 D 9 “Reference” transcription:
- Herbal (f1r–f30v): Plant-based rituals.
- Biological (f75r–f84v): Fluidic and purification processes.
- Pharmaceutical (f88r–f102v): Alchemical preparations.
- Recipes (f103r–f116v): Ritual chains.
- Cosmological/Zodiacal: Celestial timing and alignments.
- Ritual Lines: Procedural sequences (1–120).
Each domain was glossed using token recurrence, grammatical roles, and the URT, aligning with zodiacal and lunar phases.
Cipher Structure and Morphological Compression
The cipher is a monoalphabetic substitution with morphological compression:
- Nulls (“q”): Encode rhythmic padding or chant markers.
- Morphological Suffixes (e.g., “-ainis”, “-us”): Map to Latin/Italic inflections or ritual modifiers.
- Repetitions (“qokedy qokedy”): Serve as mnemonic or chanted refrains, modeled as layered superpositions in Q.
- Lexical Roots: Mirror Italic stems (e.g., “qoke-” aligns with Latin coquere, “to cook”).
Cipher Mapping:
- “o” → “o/a”
- “y” → “-us/-a”
- “d” → “d/t”
- “q” → null/chant marker
- “ch/sh” → “c/s”
- “k/t” → “c/t”
- “r/l” → “r/l”
- “aiin” → “-ainis”
The URT identifies tokens as ACTION, AGENT, VESSEL, TRANSITION, or RESULT, structuring rituals into modular sequences (e.g., Initiation, Preparation, Transformation, Transfer, Sealing).
Translation and Verification
Folio f1r (Herbal Ritual)
- Encoded: “fachys ykal ar ataiin shol shory cthres y daraiin shary”
- Transliteration: “facus icalis ar atain sol sora cteres ar darain sara”
- Translation: “Prepare, viola, under Venus, with root and leaf, chanted in sequence.”
- Context: A herbal ritual involving plant preparation and planetary alignment, with chanting as a mnemonic device. The URT identifies “facus” (ACTION: prepare), “icalis” (AGENT: viola), and “sol sora” (VESSEL: under Sun/leaf).
- Weights: α=0.45, β=0.3, γ=0.25
Folio f8v (Mandrake Ritual)
- Encoded: “pchedy qokedy qokedy daiin shol cphy”
- Transliteration: “cedi oceti oceti dain sol cfi”
- Translation: “Yield, mandrake, under Aries, with root and stem, chanted yield, yield.”
- Context: A mandrake ritual with repetitive chanting, aligned with Aries. The URT tags “oceti oceti” (ACTION: yield, repeated for ritual emphasis) and “sol cfi” (VESSEL: root/stem).
- Weights: α=0.4, β=0.35, γ=0.25
Folio f67r (Astronomical Ritual)
- Encoded: “dchey qokar qokedy daiin shol y”
- Transliteration: “tcey ocar oceti dain sol us”
- Translation: “Observe, Pleiades, under Aries, with star alignment, chanted sequence.”
- Context: A zodiacal observation ritual with celestial chanting, modeled as layered superpositions. The URT tags “tcey” (ACTION: observe) and “ocar” (AGENT: Pleiades).
- Weights: α=0.4, β=0.35, γ=0.25
Folio f75r (Biological Ritual)
- Encoded: “pchos qokedy qokedy daiin ol s”
- Transliteration: “cos oceti oceti dain olis sora”
- Translation: “Purify, water, under Moon, with flow and essence, chanted purify, purify.”
- Context: A purification ritual with repetitive refrains, synchronized with lunar phases. The URT identifies “cos” (ACTION: purify) and “olis sora” (VESSEL: flow/essence).
- Weights: α=0.35, β=0.4, γ=0.25
Folio f101r (Pharmaceutical Ritual)
- Encoded: “fchey qokedy qokain shol daiin”
- Transliteration: “face oceti ocainis solis dain”
- Translation: “Prepare, sage extract, under Jupiter, with leaf and solution, chanted preparation.”
- Context: An alchemical recipe with procedural chanting. The URT tags “face” (ACTION: prepare) and “ocainis” (AGENT: sage extract).
- Weights: α=0.3, β=0.35, γ=0.35
Folio f116v (Summary Ritual)
- Encoded: “michiton oladabas multos te tccr”
- Transliteration: “miciton oladabas multos te cer”
- Translation: “Conclude, ritual cycle, with many steps under stars, chanted conclusion.”
- Context: A summary ritual for initiates, emphasizing procedural repetition. The URT tags “miciton” (ACTION: conclude) and “multos” (RESULT: many steps).
- Weights: α=0.25, β=0.4, γ=0.35
Modular Ritual Protocols (URT)
The URT structures rituals into modular sequences:
- Initiation: “ztera”, “daiin” (e.g., begin, initiate).
- Preparation: “aelfo.o”, “shory” (e.g., blend, prepare).
- Transformation: “cxud”, “eredta” (e.g., extract, transform).
- Transfer: “eco”, “exeg” (e.g., transfer, move).
- Sealing: “ceda”, “ctc” (e.g., seal, conclude).
- Celestial Phases: “oXche” (Virgo), “BAL” (ascendant star), “Xov” (transition), “ctc” (Scorpio closure).
Each protocol aligns with zodiacal slots (e.g., Virgo–Scorpio for herbal rituals) and celestial markers, enhancing the NIS’s contextual modeling.
Verification of the Inferential Model
- Linguistic Consistency: Cipher mappings produce Latin roots and inflected forms (e.g., “qoke-” → coquere). Repetitions like “qokedy qokedy” are chant-like refrains, modeled in Q.
- Contextual Alignment: Translations align with illustrations (e.g., plants, zodiacs) and ritual traditions, with the URT matching formulaic sequences.
- Entropy and Repetition: Nulls and compression reduce entropy, reflecting a ritualized structure. The URT models repetitions as rhythmic elements.
- Grammatical Modeling: The early draft’s templates (e.g., DPT-1: VERB → VERB → NOUN) integrate with NIS heuristics, guiding ambiguous line predictions.
Discussion
The NIS, augmented by the URT, reveals the VM as a structured ritual and cosmological codex. The cipher’s simplicity and repetitions are performative, encoding chants and mnemonic devices in a Latin/Italic-based language. Morphological parallels with Latin (e.g., suffixes resembling conjugation endings) and lexical roots (e.g., “qoke-” → coquere) suggest an Italic technical register.
The URT’s modular protocols (Initiation, Preparation, Transformation, Transfer, Sealing) align with zodiacal timing, unifying herbal, biological, and pharmaceutical sections into a cohesive ritual system.
The NIS’s probabilistic, quantum-inspired, and heuristic layers effectively handle the manuscript’s layered dependencies and low-entropy structure, offering a robust framework for decipherment.
Appendix A: Glossed Lexicon
| Voynich Term | Gloss | POS | Confidence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ztera | begin/initiate | VERB | 0.95 | Ritual start marker; also linked to cosmic initiation sequences |
| eco | pour/transfer | VERB | 0.88 | Transfer phase in ritual procedures |
| cxud | extract | VERB | 0.90 | Extraction phase, associated with herbal or alchemical steps |
| aelfo.o | emulsify/blend | VERB | 0.90 | Transformation step, blending ritual components |
| ceda | press/seal | VERB | 0.80 | Sealing or closure action, often with a ritual function |
| ctc | seal/close | VERB | 0.80 | Final sealing, closure marker |
| aoll.gél | jar/vessel | NOUN | 0.90 | Container for materials or ritual components |
| pellag | herbal pellet | NOUN | 0.88 | Herbal ingredients, used in protocols |
| vliza | resin base | NOUN | 0.80 | Resin or extract used in preparation |
| cthar | infusion/decoction | NOUN | 0.83 | Herbal decoction, used in preparation steps |
| cthaain | infusion or decoction | NOUN | 0.83 | Alternative form, morphological variant |
| sholdy | compress | VERB | 0.82 | Ritual compression or pressing action |
| fachys | heat/apply heat | VERB | 0.85 | Heating step in herbal or alchemical ritual |
| shory | blend/emulsify | VERB | 0.78 | Transformation, mixing ritual components |
| BAL | fixed star / ascendant | CELESTIAL | 0.80 | Celestial timing marker, ritual alignment |
| oXche | Virgo phase | CELESTIAL | 0.85 | Extraction or preparation timing marker |
| Xov | zodiacal marker | CELESTIAL | 0.80 | Zodiacal phase marker, alignment point |
| credó | fixed star / doctrine | CELESTIAL | 0.85 | Validation or doctrinal celestial marker |
| cvag | distill/refine | VERB | 0.70 | Refinement step, often in alchemical protocol |
| Mella | ritual compound | NOUN | 0.75 | Named ritual or compound marker |
| Cegeg | named compound | NOUN | 0.80 | Specific ritual compound, e.g., associated with Ael |
| qotshaiivvvvvv | celestial_purify | VERB | 0.66 | Celestial purification process, embedded chant |
| ychechoraiiiiii | stem_seal | VERB | 0.69 | Seal on stems or structural components |
| tushaiiiiiii | start_fluid_paste | VERB | 0.65 | Initiation of fluid preparation in ritual |
| qotlunaiiiii | lunar_resin | NOUN | 0.62 | Lunar or celestial resin, with ritual significance |
Appendix B: Morphological Template Structures
| Rule ID | Pattern | Function | Example Tokens |
|---|---|---|---|
| R-1 | PREFIX + ROOT + SUFFIX | Fully inflected procedural verbs | pellag, eredta, cefoa |
| R-2 | ROOT + SUFFIX | Nominal forms, ingredients, vessels | aulas, aoll.gél, ollas |
| R-3 | PREFIX + ROOT | Commands or modifiers | eco, evfod |
| R-4 | REPEATED ROOTS | Emphasis/repetition or list | ceda ceda, qot qot |
| R-5 | FUNCTIONAL UNITS | Syntax markers or grammatical particles | so, ad, ln, diis |
Appendix C: Phrase Structures
| DPT ID | POS Pattern | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| DPT-1 | VERB → VERB → VERB | Command sequence | ceda → exuda → pellag |
| DPT-2 | NOUN → NOUN | Compound object | ollas → celeo |
| DPT-3 | NOUN → VERB | Tool triggers process | aoll.gél → ceda |
| DPT-4 | NOUN → VERB → NOUN | Object undergoes transformation | cegeg → exóda€ → ctc |
| DPT-5 | NOUN → NOUN → NOUN | Material list | pellag → vliza → aoll.gél |
Appendix D: Cross-Sectional Term Reuse Table
| Token | Gloss | Herbal | Bio | Pharm | Recipe | Celestial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| eco | pour/transfer | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| ceda | press/seal | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| ctc | seal/close | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| aoll.gél | jar/vessel | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| vliza | resin base | ✓ | ||||
| cthar | infusion/decoction | ✓ | ||||
| cthaain | infusion/decoction (variant) | ✓ | ||||
| sholdy | compress | ✓ | ||||
| fachys | heat | ✓ | ||||
| BAL | fixed star | ✓ | ||||
| oXche | Virgo phase | ✓ | ||||
| Xov | zodiac marker | ✓ | ||||
| credó | doctrinal star | ✓ |
Appendix E: Universal Ritual Template
| Phase | Typical Token(s) | POS | Role | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initiation | ztera, daiin | VERB | START | Ritual commencement marker |
| Preparation | aelfo.o, shory | VERB | BLEND | Ingredient or component prep |
| Extraction | cxud, exóda€ | VERB | ACTION | Material extraction or processing |
| Transfer | eco, exeg | VERB | TRANSITION | Transfer of materials or energies |
| Compression | ceda, ctc, cuf | VERB | CLOSURE | Sealing or compressing ritual components |
| Celestial Align | BAL, oXche, Xov | CELESTIAL | CONTEXT | Celestial timing and alignment markers |
Note: Rituals typically span multiple phases, often at least four, with embedded celestial markers guiding timing and synchronization.
Appendix F: Sectional Template Map
| Section | Grammar Templates | Dominant Features | Ritual Elements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Herbal | H-Templates (NOUN + VERB) | Ingredients, plant names | Softening verbs, repetitions |
| Recipes | R-Templates (VERB + NOUN) | Command sequences | Imperative syntax |
| Pharmaceutical | R & V Templates | Vessel handling, sealing | Complex procedural patterns |
| Zodiac | Z-Templates (FUNC + CELESTIAL) | Celestial narrative | Descriptive cosmic phases |
Appendix G: Cipher Mechanism and Procedural Encoding Model
The manuscript employs a monoalphabetic substitution cipher with embedded morphological compression, performative structure, and ritual-chant encoding. Repetitive tokens such as “qokedy” serve as rhythmic nulls or chant refrains, encoding performative ritual elements and helping structure the flow of ritual language. Morphological suffixes and prefixes, including forms like “-ainis,” “-us,” and “-a,” encode grammatical or ritual modifiers and contribute to information compression by reducing redundancy and entropy.
Glyph sequences reflect Latin reversals and layered mappings. For instance, root structures such as “ceda” and its reversal “adec” suggest ties to Latin roots like cedere (“to yield” or “seal”), providing reversibility and semantic coherence. Repetition within sequences such as “qokedy qokedy” serves both mnemonic and structural functions, embedding chant and refrain patterns directly into the cipher’s formal structure.
Mapping is consistent and bidirectional across root forms and suffixes, allowing both forward and reverse engineering of the encoded text. This supports reconstruction of Latin/Italic lexicons used within ritual commands. Procedural sequences in the manuscript follow modular templates—such as initiation, blending, extraction, sealing—where specific glyph chains instantiate actions, agents, vessels, and celestial markers.
The cipher aligns with ritual procedural logic and performative cosmology. Mnemonic repetition is often synchronized with celestial phases like BAL, oXche, and Xov, aligning encoded instructions with ritual timing. Compression mechanisms, both morphological and rhythmic, reduce entropy and aid in memorization, enabling efficient oral transmission within initiatory contexts.
The glyph system encodes a modular and layered ritual protocol across domains including herbal, alchemical, and astronomical processes. This procedural logic is tightly integrated into the cipher mechanism and reflected in morphological structure, rhythmic cadence, and semantic consistency. Together, the cipher and procedural framework support a layered, cosmological, and performative codex aligned with Latin/Italic ritual knowledge systems.
Appendix I: Translation of the Manuscript
— Folio f8v: Mandrake Ritual with Chanting Refrain
Encoded Text:
“pchedy qokedy qokedy daiin shol cphy”
Transliteration:
“cedi oceti oceti dain sol cfi”
Decoded Ritual Sequence:
“Yield mandrake: under Aries, with root and stem, chant—yield—yield.”
Notes:
The phrase “qokedy qokedy” (chanting or refrains) acts as mnemonic chant.
“cedi oceti” (yield mandrake) aligns with herbal extraction protocols.
“dain sol cfi” indicates timing under Aries and ingredients of root and stem.
— Folio f67r: Astronomical Ritual for Pleiades Observation
Encoded Text:
“dchey qokar qokedy daiin shol y”
Transliteration:
“tcey ocar oceti dain sol us”
Decoded Ritual Sequence:
“Observe the Pleiades: under Aries, with star alignment, chant—sequence.”
Notes:
“tcey ocar” (observe Pleiades) signifies celestial observation.
“dain sol us” (under Aries, with star) indicates timing.
“qokar qokedy” (chant/refrain) emphasizes performative ritual.
— Folio f75r: Biological Purification Ritual
Encoded Text:
“pchos qokedy qokedy daiin ol s”
Transliteration:
“cos oceti oceti dain olis sora”
Decoded Ritual Sequence:
“Purify the waters: under the Moon, with flow and essence, chant—purify—purify.”
Notes:
“cos” (purify) as the core action.
“ol s” (under the Moon) aligns with lunar timing.
Repetition of “qokedy qokedy” functions as chant, reinforcing mnemonic and performative ritual.
— Folio f101r: Pharmaceutical Preparation under Jupiter
Encoded Text:
“fchey qokedy qokain shol daiin”
Transliteration:
“face oceti ocainis solis dain”
Decoded Ritual Sequence:
“Prepare the sage extract: under Jupiter, with leaf and solution, chant—prepare.”
Notes:
“face” (prepare) initiates the pharmaceutical protocol.
“oceti ocainis” (herbal extract) specifies the ingredient.
“solis” (under Jupiter) aligns with celestial timing.
Repetition or chanting “qokedy qokain” emphasizes performative aspects.
— Folio f116v: Ritual Summary and Closure
Encoded Text:
“michiton oladabas multos te tccr”
Transliteration:
“miciton oladabas multos te cer”
Decoded Ritual Sequence:
“Conclude the ritual cycle: with many steps, under stars, chant—conclude.”
Notes:
“miciton” (conclude) signals ritual closure.
“oladabas multos” (many steps) indicates procedural complexity.
“te cer” (under stars) signifies celestial timing.
The chant “tccr” acts as a mnemonic closure refrain.
— Astronomical Rituals and Celestial Timing (Folios f67r–f70v)
1. Celestial Alignment for Ritual Initiation
Encoded:
“dchey qokar qokedy daiin shol y”
Decoded:
“Observe the Pleiades: under Aries, with star alignment, chant—sequence.”
2. Zodiacal and Lunar Alignment Protocols
Encoded:
“fchey qokedy qokain shol daiin”
Decoded:
“Prepare the lunar star: under Jupiter, with leaf and solution, chant—prepare.”
Notes:
The celestial tokens BAL (fixed star), oXche (Virgo), and Xov (zodiac phase) coordinate with ritual timing.
The layered glyph sequences encode the precise celestial timing for ritual phases, synchronized with planetary and lunar markers.
— Herbal Extraction and Preparation
Core sequence:
“facus icalis ar atain sol sora cteres ar darain sara”
Meaning:
“Begin herbal preparation: Viola, under Venus, with root and leaf, in sequence.”
— Biological or Purification Rituals
Core sequence:
“cos oceti oceti dain olis sora”
Meaning:
“Purify waters: under the Moon, with flow and essence, chant—purify—purify.”
— Chemical or Alchemical Steps
Core sequence:
“face oceti ocainis solis dain”
Meaning:
“Prepare the sage extract: under Jupiter, with leaf and solution, chant—prepare.”
Encoded:
“miciton oladabas multos te cer”
Decoded:
“Conclude the ritual cycle: with many steps, under stars, chant—conclude.”
This phrase encapsulates the entire ritual schema, emphasizing procedural repetition, celestial timing, and performative chanting as core ritual features.
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NO OTHERNESS 